"Just modifying this circuit should seem to work "

Ah, yes, should seem to work...

Strongly suggest you add a proper optical isolatior between your low voltage circuit and the high voltage circuit, for safety.

Also, please report back the color of the smoke...

Seriously, you can't just mix low voltage parts and high voltage parts, for lots of reasons.

Not to mention proper heatsinking of the Mosfet and diodes.

For anybody that wants to "play" around with 600 Volt Electricity you should watch this video before you start;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDLKLnVdlWE

SERIOUSLY, IF YOU DON'T HAVE THE PROPER TRAINING PLEASE!!!! DON'T TRY TO "CHEAT" WITH ELECTRICITY..... PLEASE.....

PLEASE BE SAFE.......

Streetcars (trams) and trolley buses are still being built new so surely everything you need is available.